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Tsar Bomba ((ロシア語:Царь-бомба); "Tsar of bombs") is the nickname for the AN602 hydrogen bomb, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated. Its test on October 30, 1961, remains the most powerful man-made explosion in human history. It was also referred to as Kuz'kina Mat' ((ロシア語:Кузькина мать), Kuzma's mother),〔Viktor Suvorov, ''Kuz'kina Mat'. A Chronicle of Great Decade'', Dedicated to 50 years of Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Кузькина мать: Хроника великого десятилетия), Moscow, 2011, ISBN 978-5-98124-561-9〕 referring to Nikita Khrushchev's promise to show the United States a "Kuz'kina Mat'" at the 1960 United Nations General Assembly. Developed by the Soviet Union, the bomb had the yield of 50 megaton TNT (210 PJ). Only one bomb of this type was ever officially built and it was detonated in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, at Sukhoy Nos.〔 The remaining bomb casings are located at the Russian Atomic Weapon Museum, Sarov (Arzamas-16), and the Museum of Nuclear Weapons, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). Neither of these casings has the same antenna configuration as the device that was tested. Many names are attributed to the ''Tsar Bomba'' in the literature: Project 7000; product code 202 (Izdeliye 202); article designations RDS-220 (РДС-220), RDS-202 (РДС-202), RN202 (PH202), AN602 (AH602); codename ''Vanya''; nicknames ''Big Ivan'', ''Tsar Bomba'', ''Kuz'kina Mat''. The term ''Tsar Bomba'' was coined in an analogy with other massive Russian objects: the ''Tsar Kolokol'' (Tsar Bell), ''Tsar Tank'' and the ''Tsar Pushka'' (Tsar Cannon). The CIA designated the test as "JOE 111".〔Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Estimate 11-2A-62, ("Soviet Atomic Energy Program" ), (16 May 1962), pages 2 and 13.〕 The ''Tsar Bomba'' was a three-stage bomb with Trutnev-Babaev second and third stage design, with a yield of .〔The yield of the test has been estimated at by different sources over time. Today all Russian sources use 50 megatons as the official figure. See the section "Was it 50 Megatons or 57?" at (【引用サイトリンク】title=The Tsar Bomba ("King of Bombs") )〕 This is equivalent to about 1,350–1,570 times the combined energy of the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki,〔DeGroot, Gerard J. ''The Bomb: A Life''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 254.〕 10 times the combined energy of all the conventional explosives used in World War II, one quarter of the estimated yield of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and 10% of the combined yield of all nuclear tests to date. A three-stage H-bomb uses a fission bomb primary to compress a thermonuclear secondary, as in most H-bombs, and then uses energy from the resulting explosion to compress a much larger additional thermonuclear stage. There is evidence that the ''Tsar Bomba'' had several third stages rather than a single very large one.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tsar Bomba )〕 The initial three-stage design was capable of yielding approximately 100 Mt, but it would have caused too much nuclear fallout and the plane delivering the bomb would not have enough time to escape the explosion. To limit fallout, the third stage and possibly the second stage had a lead tamper instead of a uranium-238 fusion tamper (which greatly amplifies the reaction by fissioning uranium atoms with fast neutrons from the fusion reaction). This eliminated fast fission by the fusion-stage neutrons, so that approximately 97% of the total energy resulted from fusion alone (as such, it was one of the "cleanest" nuclear bombs ever created, generating a very low amount of fallout relative to its yield). There was a strong incentive for this modification since most of the fallout from a test of the bomb would have ended up on populated Soviet territory.〔 The components were designed by a team of physicists headed by Academician Yulii Borisovich Khariton and including Andrei Sakharov, Victor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Smirnov, and Yuri Trutnev. Shortly after the Tsar Bomba was detonated, Sakharov began speaking out against nuclear weapons, which culminated in him becoming a dissident.〔〔 == Test == The ''Tsar Bomba'' was flown to its test site by a specially modified Tu-95V release plane, flown by Major Andrei Durnovtsev. Taking off from an airfield in the Kola Peninsula, the release plane was accompanied by a Tu-16 observer plane that took air samples and filmed the test. Both aircraft were painted with a special reflective white paint to limit heat damage. The bomb, weighing 27 metric tons, was so large ( long by in diameter) that the Tu-95V had to have its bomb bay doors and fuselage fuel tanks removed. The bomb was attached to an 800 kilogram parachute, which gave the release and observer planes time to fly about away from ground zero. When detonation occurred, the Tu-95V fell one kilometre from its previous altitude because of the shock wave of the bomb. The ''Tsar Bomba'' detonated at 11:32 (Moscow time) on October 30, 1961, over the Mityushikha Bay nuclear testing range (Sukhoy Nos Zone C), north of the Arctic Circle over the Novaya Zemlya archipelago in the Arctic Sea. The bomb was dropped from an altitude of ; it was designed to detonate at a height of over the land surface ( over sea level) by barometric sensors.〔〔〔 The original, November 1961 AEC estimate of the yield was 55–60 Mt, but since 1992 all Russian sources have stated its yield as 50 Mt. Khrushchev warned in a filmed speech to the Supreme Soviet of the existence of a 100 Mt bomb. (Technically the design was capable of this yield.) Although simplistic fireball calculations predicted the fireball would hit the ground, the bomb's own shock wave reflected back and prevented this.〔 The fireball reached nearly as high as the altitude of the release plane and was visible at almost away from where it ascended. The mushroom cloud was about high (over seven times the height of Mount Everest), which meant that the cloud was above the stratosphere and well inside the mesosphere when it peaked. The cap of the mushroom cloud had a peak width of and its base was wide. All buildings in the village of Severny (both wooden and brick), located from ground zero within the Sukhoy Nos test range, were destroyed. In districts hundreds of kilometers from ground zero wooden houses were destroyed, stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors; and radio communications were interrupted for almost one hour. One participant in the test saw a bright flash through dark goggles and felt the effects of a thermal pulse even at a distance of . The heat from the explosion could have caused third-degree burns away from ground zero. A shock wave was observed in the air at Dikson settlement away; windowpanes were partially broken to distances of .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/TsarBomba.html )〕 Atmospheric focusing caused blast damage at even greater distances, breaking windows in Norway and Finland. The seismic shock created by the detonation was measurable even on its third passage around the Earth. Its seismic body wave magnitude was about 5 to 5.25.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Tsar Bomba ("King of Bombs") )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsar Bomba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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